Ayshan Kanan Mammadova

PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ESSENCE AND CAUSES OF THE PROBLEM OF LEARNING DIFFICULTIES

Abstract. The article provides a comprehensive examination of the pedagogical and psychological essence of learning difficulties based on scientific and theoretical perspectives. The study demonstrates that learning difficulties are shaped by factors such as students’ cognitive functioning, motivational system, emotional stability, social relationships, and the quality of the learning environment. The article systematizes the main challenges observed in the educational process and proposes an integrative model grounded in individualized instruction, psychopedagogical support, motivational approaches, and teacher–student collaboration. This approach aims to enhance the effectiveness of the learning process and ensure the sustainable development of learners.

Keywords: learning difficulties; pedagogical-psychological causes; cognitive processes; motivation; individualized learning; psychopedagogical support